Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea in experimental acute and sub-acute inflammatory models in wistar rats

Background: Inflammation is a complex reaction to various injurious agents such as infections, trauma, foreign bodies, tissue necrosis, physical and chemical agents, that consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are currently the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating pain and inflammation. The traditional NSAIDs usually cause various adverse effects on long term use. Gmelina arborea Linn (Gambhari) belongs to family Verbenaceae. The roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and bark are used for treating different ailments as anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-pyretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, diuretic and other common disorders.Methods: The study was carried out by using inflammatory models in wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of G. arborea was compared with standard drug aspirin. The study parameters for acute inflammation was assessment of reduction in inflammation & the percentage inhibition of the paw edema. The parameter for the sub-acute inflammation was percentage inhibition of the dry granuloma weight.Results: The low and high dose of G. arborea root extract significantly showed the anti-inflammatory activity when compared to control group. The high dose of G. arborea extract showed comparable results in parameters like reducing inflammation, percentage inhibition of paw edema and dry granuloma weight in acute carrageenan paw edema and sub-acute inflammation cotton pellet granuloma models with standard aspirin treated group.Conclusions: Since G. arborea root extract was having all the qualities required for anti-inflammatory drug. However, no clear inference can be drawn at this stage and hence we consider the work for further extensive research.

Experimental evaluation of analgesic, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑platelet potential of Dashamoola.

Background: Dashamoola, in the form of arishta and kwath, is a commonly used classical Ayurvedic multi‑ingredient formulation for management of pain, arthritis and inflammatory disorders. Objective: To study analgesic, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑platelet activity of Dashamoola and its combination with aspirin. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats (180‑200 g) and Swiss albino mice (20‑25 g) of either sex were divided randomly into five groups: Distilled water, aspirin (500mg/kg in rats; 722.2 mg/kg in mice), Dashamoolarishta (1.8 mL/kg in rats; 2.5 mL/kg in mice) and Dashamoolarishta with aspirin. Anti‑inflammatory activity was measured by change in paw volume in carrageenan‑induced inflammation, protein content in model of peritonitis and granuloma weight in cotton pellet granuloma. Analgesic effect was evaluated by counting number of writhes in writhing model. Maximum platelet aggregation and percentage inhibition of ADP and collagen‑induced platelet aggregation were estimated in vitro. Statistical analysis was done using one way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey’s test) and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Dashamoolarishta and its combination with aspirin showed significantly (P < 0.01) less number of writhes. It showed significant (P < 0.001) anti‑inflammatory activity by paw edema reduction in rats, decrease in proteins in peritoneal fluid (P < 0.001) and decrease in granuloma weight (P < 0.05) as compared to respective vehicle control groups. Dashamoola kwath alone and in combination with aspirin inhibited maximum platelet aggregation and percent inhibition of platelets as compared to vehicle (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Dashamoola formulation alone and its combination with aspirin showed comparable anti‑inflammatory, analgesic and anti‑platelet effects to aspirin.

Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga. METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed using the cotton pellet granuloma assay in rats, whereby the levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in the animals' blood. In addition, the levels of interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide were measured in vitro using the human macrophage cell line (U937). The analgesic effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate were assessed by the tail flick assay in rats. The anti-angiogenic effects were evaluated first by the rat aortic ring assay and, subsequently, by assessing the inhibitory effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate on vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS: Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited granuloma tissue formation in rats. It prolonged the tail flick time in rats by more than two-fold compared with the control animals. The inhibition of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor by ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate was significant in both in vivo and in vitro models; however, only a moderate inhibition of nitric oxide was observed in macrophages. Furthermore, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate considerably inhibited microvessel sprouting from the rat aorta. These mechanistic studies showed that ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate strongly inhibited the differentiation and migration of endothelial cells, which was further confirmed by the reduced level of vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION: Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate exhibits significant anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis, thus inhibiting the main functions of endothelial cells. Thus, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate could be a promising therapeutic agent ...

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of Desmodium pulchellum Benth. (Fabaceae) barks on albino wistar rats.

Effects of ethanolic extract of Desmodium pulchellum Benth. (Fabaceae) barks on alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. In diabetic rats, blood glucose levels were reduced by 18.64 – 34.04 % on consumption of the extracts, with greater effect exhibited by the 1000mg/kg extract whereas in Glibenclamide treated diabetic rats, blood glucose levels were reduced upto 73.55%. The results suggested ethanolic extract of barks may contribute to the reduction of blood glucose levels and can be useful in the management of diabetes. The acute oral toxicity showed that the ethanolic extract of D. pulchellum barks was safe until 4000mg/kg body weight and no macroscopical organ abnormalities were observed in acute oral models. The investigations on Albino (Wistar) rats at dosage of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of D. pulchellum barks were made for anitiinflammatory action by using carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellete granuloma technique. The results of the study suggested significant dose dependent activity of extracts as compared to control group for both acute and chronic inflammation.

Anti-granuloma activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models.

Background: Coriandrum sativum has been used in the traditional systems of medicine for management of arthritis and other infl ammatory disorders. Objectives: In this study, we have evaluated the anti-infl ammatory and anti-granuloma activities of Coriandrum sativum hydroalcoholic extract (CSHE) in experimental models. Materials and Methods: The anti-infl ammatory activity of CSHE was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema model and the anti-granuloma activity of CSHE was evaluated using the subcutaneous cotton pellet implantation-induced granuloma formation and stimulation of peritoneal macrophages with complete Freund’s adjuvant. Serum tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), IL-6, IL-1  levels, and peritoneal macrophage expression of TNF-R1 were evaluated as markers of global infl ammation. Results: CSHE at the highest dose tested (32 mg/kg) produced a signifi cant reduction (P0.05) in paw edema after carrageenan administration. CSHE treatment also reduced dry granuloma weight in all treated animals. Serum IL-6 and IL-1  levels were signifi cantly (P0.05) lower in the CSHE (32 mg/kg)-treated group as compared to control. Although there was an increase in serum TNF- level in the CSHE-treated group as compared to control, TNF-R1 expression on peritoneal macrophages was found to be reduced. Conclusion: Thus, the result of this study demonstrates the anti-infl ammatory and anti-granuloma activities of CSHE in experimental models, and validates its traditional use for the management of arthritis and other infl ammatory disorders.

Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of Sterculia villosa barks on Albino Wistar rats.

Ethanolic extract of Sterculia villosa barks were studied for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. The acute oral toxicity showed that the ethanolic extract of S. villosa barks was safe until 4000mg/kg body weight and no macroscopical organ abnormalities were observed in acute oral models. The investigations on Albino (Wistar) rats at dosage of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Sterculia villosa barks were made for aniti-inflammatory action by using carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellete granuloma technique. The results of the study suggested significant dose dependent activity of extracts as compared to control group for both acute and chronic inflammation. Ethanolic extract also showed significant antidiabetic activity at dose dependent manner compared to diabetic untreated group.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of root bark of clerodendrum phlomidis in experimental models of inflammation.

The study was carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of root bark of Clerodendrum phlomidis (CP) in models of acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of CP was evaluated in models of acute inflammation viz. carrageenan induced rat paw oedema and acetic acid induced peritonitis in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity against chronic inflammation was assessed in model of cotton pellet granuloma in rats. The activity of CP was compared with aspirin and Dashamoolarishta (a multi-ingredient plant formulation containing Clerodendrum phlomidis) which served as positive controls. CP in the dose of 21.6 ml/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (15.85 % inhibition in the carrageenan model and 50.38% inhibition in the model of chronic inflammation). In the peritonitis model, the maximum anti-inflammatory activity (27.32% inhibition was seen with the corresponding dose in mice. The present study demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of root bark of CP and also provides a scientific basis for inclusion of CP in the Dashamoolarishta formulation.